viernes, diciembre 01, 2006

JOSE ANTONIO MARINA-El MIEDO

Copio una entrevista realizada a uno de los autores que mas me gustan:


La brujería, el demonio, la tortura e incluso la guerra se han convertido en miedos pretéritos. Con el advenimiento del siglo XXI, el terror tiene forma de avión, de mochila.... y a veces hasta tiene espinillas. El miedo siempre ha sido la sombra del hombre en su devenir histórico. De todo ello El Cultural habla con el filósofo y pedagogo José Antonio Marina, que disecciona todas las capas de esa emoción atávica en su último libro, Anatomía del miedo (Anagrama). Junto a él, Ramiro Pinilla, Albert Boadella, Fernando Aramburu, Jorge M. Reverte, Enrique Moradiellos, Fernando Marías y Víctor Gómez Pin reflexionan sobre miedos propios y ajenos.

Sherlock Holmes contaba con la ayuda de su querido Watson y la presión de Scotland Yard para investigar las muchas consecuencias del comportamiento humano componiendo un rompecabezas de pruebas, intuiciones y deducciones. Digamos que José Antonio Marina no tiene ni a Watson ni a Scotland Yard. Pero sí el resto: el espíritu investigador, la formación humanista, el instinto cazador, la urgencia por poner su vocación científica al servicio de la sociedad y hasta una irrefrenable adicción... a la botánica. En más de veinte ensayos, entre los que se encuentran Elogio y refutación del ingenio, La inteligencia fracasada y Por qué soy cristiano, José Antonio Marina ha recorrido el laberinto sentimental humano, investigando la inteligencia creadora –su gran fascinación–. Ahora publica un nuevo ensayo, Anatomía del miedo (Anagrama) un “Tratado sobre la valentía” en el que explora nuestros terrores sociales e individuales y que coincide en las librerías con La revolución de las mujeres: crónica gráfica de una evolución silenciosa (J de J).

–De las emociones que aparecían en su Diccionario de los sentimientos ¿era la anatomía del miedo la que más necesitaba ser diseccionada?
–El Diccionario... y El laberinto emocional trazaban un mapa general del mundo de los sentimientos, pero dentro de aquéllos había algunos muy importantes que me interesaba analizar mejor y que están relacionados con ese proyecto mío de crear una teoría de la inteligencia que empiece en la neurología y termine en la ética; mis obras no son sino capítulos de ese único libro. El miedo es el mejor ejemplo de este tipo de estudios, ya que se ha tratado mucho por la neurología, y su antídoto, la valentía, es lo que conduce a la ética.

–¿A qué temores se ha enfrentado a la hora de elaborar este libro?
–Mi mayor miedo era dejar algún aspecto sin tratar debido a la complejidad del asunto. Por eso manejo una bibliografía muy amplia. El tema de la valentía está poco estudiado,y una de las cosas de las que me he dado cuenta durante la elaboración de este libro es que la valentía es el origen de la vida ética. La inteligencia se despliega cuando se enfrenta al miedo y no se deja dominar.

El peligro de la imaginación
–¿Cómo se elabora un sistema filosófico a partir de una realidad científica como es el miedo?
–Mi idea de la filosofía es muy particular. Para mí la filosofía es un servicio público y eso significa que quienes nos dedicamos a la investigación tenemos que salir a la calle y preguntar a la gente qué es lo que les inquieta, investigarlo y luego explicarlo. Hay filósofos que se dirigen a un público muy concreto. En mi caso, la ventaja de dirigirme a un público muy amplio es que ellos no dan nada por sabido y eso permite aclarar ideas, explicarlas desde el principio. En el caso del miedo, éste es una emoción presente en todas las especies animales; la diferencia es que mientras que en los animales el miedo es un peligro presente, en el hombre puede ser un peligro inventado. Es decir, su capacidad de imaginar amplía también sus miedos. Eso le convierte en la especie más miedosa.

–Algunos filósofos como Descartes o Spinoza han considerado el miedo como una pasión vil e inútil. ¿Confundían el miedo y la cobardía?
– Es una confusión muy común. Una cosa es la capacidad de sentir miedo, y eso no lo podemos dominar, y otra es actuar con cobardía, y eso sí entra bajo el dominio de la conducta, de aquello que podemos controlar. Cuando se interpone la voluntad el hombre está dando un salto cualitativo respecto a otras especies.

–¿La valentía es fruto de la voluntad?
–Es el fruto de la libertad. Hay que diferenciar entre lo que llamamos valentía –pero que en realidad es bravura porque es acometida a ciegas y con apasionamiento– y la verdadera valentía, que es algo fruto de la conciencia y la determinación. El valiente es el que, conociendo el miedo y a pesar de él, actúa.

–¿Y por qué de todas las emociones el miedo es la que aparece con más fuerza en la historia?
–Porque es el mayor movilizador de conductas que existe: es fácil de provocar, fácil de conseguir y muy duradero. Todas las personas que han querido dirigir al ser humano han utilizado el miedo. Y de eso se ha servido buena parte de la política (Maquiavelo decía que es más deseable para un gobernante ser temido que ser amado) y de la religión.

[Continúa el jueves en El Cultural]

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